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P"X gq &- 1 ,\9hnq &u[O(Py$(CܡbN(9P$I  X]q &$Jt. P X_@q &) Rt. P&`Xp &Y[J4(\Rt$BP&f &+P f &+ \@]@ \@]@+e!w~ 3f5Iׅ ؄1`0 &f U[bN,[V .ݐ+e!w~ 3ff5Iׅ ؄+e!w~ 3ffff5Iۅ ؄=!!! _parentmain_txtsubstrright!again!fill1_currentFramefill6 That's right! That's wrong, try again!sliceThat's right! NRIL$ NRIxNILNI NGON GO NRINILNIIN RON GO t@ q@  &pstringubob3$_parent_xmouse_ymousedragging " 0@ NHL*N " 0@GHL&" 0@ NHL&N" 0@GH  dragging(dragging_root_xmouse_parent_x_ymouseangleMathatan2max_anglestring_yscalesqrt_rotationamplitudestart_timecosperiodroundfrequencysindotduplicateMovieClip_yNN_GHL#N_ NHL-NHLNH N# N# "" R  !?-DT  N  " " "" G RO N  ! @-DT O "4  #@ N N  R4  R N !@-DT N N #@  R ? 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That's wrong, try again!fill2sliceThat's right! NRIL$ NRINILNILNI N GON GO NRI NILNILNIIN RON GOP̆ & \@]@bhQ & tS6NR8] WJrtS6NR89VT͓.ث8;d4pij* &Wi;Sm)ӛ@'jm9y:TI*U윱Wi;5X]8&$2O$ `(j] O(\Rs|AC NtqI΅(YкiBʅ Jd(0yB]N;HxB] *d-(]d2%oVfO_\(>>Ab%=ZAbOL%L$Jx.>(œK?a^m$`YHك{6eXGeOZ,R1q^PYwAd H!)]&P %&oP %&oP%&oP%&oP%&oP%&oP%&o'`h &} 87o2e悇(xS}8bS"]3ne1:mi>yLcK @?mQOuS8.NP:̀̀!5/=. 9J7 cxU^oF ^PȀ \Pv&bo7RPM$S/ J/(-JR0[t~ =j~""+؉p X -7 %KeyUPisDownNRLO  "HL " HL "H!  "G#vNRL/ "HL  "H  " # @ t@ !@ !@ \@]@ \@]@]=!!!,_parentmain_txtsubstrright!again!fill2_currentFramefill5fill10fill13 That's right! That's wrong, try again!sliceThat's right! NRIL$ NRINILNILNIL NI N GON GO NRINILNILNIL NIIN RON GO1`=0 & ܻi;)*'lܫ*s\S1`0 & Wi;dYSNRvvS-`4 & 9rtS''n]-`4 & ܻi;)ӧ` & W]) *.NܻbS \@]@ b? _parentmain_txt If you sit on a beach and watch the waves roll in, you can see them pound against the rocks and making ripples in the sand. They carry a lot of energy, transporting it from far out in the ocean. Yet a boat sitting 120 yards from shore merely bobs up and down. It is not carried in with the waves. Although waves keep coming in toward the shore, the water only moves up and down, or back and forth. Why? Hint: Waves deliver water, not energy, to the shore. O%ŴV8t@ '"b@ ? _parent}main_txt The boat bobbing up and down is oscillating, moving back and forth or up and down in a repeated cycle. Many things oscillate: a swinging pendulum, the string on a violin, the air column of a flute, or a metronome to keep time while playing the piano. Physicists call this disturbance of the ocean surface a periodic wave. It repeats the same pattern over and over. The world is full of periodic waves, but most of them are invisible. Sound waves, light waves, and electromagnetic waves surround us all the time, but we cannot see them with the naked eye.O@?0 _parentmain_txt Here is a general diagram of a wave. All waves, whether they be sound, light, earthquake, or water waves, have some things in common. Before we look at the unique characteristics of these waves, let's look at the things they all have in common and learn a few terms. O branch()&IMJ*&ILeV+&IM4,&IMaQ-a`.b`/9b` 0Ub` 1qb` 2b` 3b` 4<?6$@ eɀ6_ @J7ȭ@ B6Ȁ@ h7ȓ@Lp8N@2*;am{"colorValthisColordonesetRGB@ R fR>wl{"colorValthisColordonesetRGB@ R fR Afr{"colorValthisColordonesetRGB@ R fR@      ?a _parentOmain_txt Wavelength and Wave Properties These alternating highs (crests) and lows (troughs) are what determine wavelength. Wavelength is the distance from crest to crest, or from trough to trough, of a wave. Let's see how wavelength varies and how it affects the light that we see.O wavelengthB*&ILeV+&IM4,&IMaQ@? _parentmain_txt Wavelengths are measured in nanometers (nm or 10-9). Light travels in waves, and the wavelength determines the color of light that can be observed. Click and drag the slider to change the nm of the wavelength.OVăb5i@? _parent main_txtOȃd5iWhX`Xh`Yh耊ZiF[ix^٩fill0a._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHu"IZ H0 GNRP^٪ fill1a._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHu"IZ H0 GNRP^٪Cfill2a._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHu"IZ H0 GNRP_9֠` a!bɨ"c֨#d㨊$e%fj`&g'h(i&)jZ*k+l ,m|x8@ !"#$%&'()*+,?Fdot_visiblestop_parentmain_txt Amplitude and Equilibrium The amplitude of something swinging back and forth is the distance from the equilibrium position (balance position). Equilibrium for a pendulum would be standing still - there would be no oscillation (movement back and forth) occurring at that point in time. However, once a pendulum starts swinging, it crosses this equilibrium point as it swings back and forth. A pendulum is in equilibrium when it is at its lowest point. If it swings 5 cm to either side of this position, its amplitude is said to be 5 cm. Try out the pendulum in the other window by dragging it to the left or right and letting it go! O RO amplituden6sʁpendulumujdot"this_namedotremoveMovieClip"'H!"G#5NI RvN w< x( y zx {|z}:@   ? _parentmain_txt1. What is the amplitude of a pendulum that swings 7 cm to either side? 2. What is the amplitude of a grandfather clock whose arm swings 11 cm to either side? Hint: amplitude is the distance from equilibrium, not from crest to troughO~VBVVB~kVB  H ?t fill0a._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHu"IZ H0 GNRP fill1a._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHu"IZ H0 GNRPfill2a._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHu"IZ H0 GNRPfill3a._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHu"IZ H0 GNRPǰfill4]._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHq"IVH0 GNRPGb,fill5]._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHq"IVH0 GNRPGbgfill6]._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHq"IVH0 GNRPGb@fill7]._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHq"IVH0 GNRP@@   ?dot_visiblestop_parentmain_txt Frequency and Period The period of an oscillation is the length of time it takes to complete a full cycle (back and forth or up and down). If a child bouncing on a trampoline strikes the trampoline every four seconds, then the period of the oscillation is four seconds (up and down). Using this pendulum, click and drag the "bob" on the end of the string so that the period is 5 seconds. Now click and drag the "bob" on the end of the string so that the period is 9 seconds. What seems to change the period of the pendulum?O RO frequencyjdot"this_namedotremoveMovieClip"H!"G#5NI R6ʁpendulum5¡ ` Z` x` GB Ö`@    ? perkid periodO _parentvmain_txt Let's think back to the child bouncing on the trampoline. Make the child land on the trampoline every 5 seconds. Then 4 seconds, then 3 seconds, then 2 seconds, then 1 second (and see the child go into hyper-drive). It is common to express the time it takes for a cycle in terms of frequency instead of period. Frequency is the number of cycles completed per unit of time. Hertz is the unit that describes cycle/time, so frequency should be reported in Hertz (Hz). So if the child jumping on the trampoline goes up and down (1 cycle) in 5 seconds, then what is its frequency?O?—`}~`"`B`9@ ~r9-IǎAl}  -IǎAl  yz> kidEinitxinityperiod " "P inityperiodMathsinlarm_rotationrarmparseInt_parenttrampgotoAndStop     !@-DT4   R G# "   O"   GO "HI" @.n =  N R   N R$ ǐ tramp@ ?B perfre?kid periodO _parentmain_txt Did you have the right answer? Now figure out the frequency if the kid lands once every 4 seconds, 3 second, 2 seconds, and every second. Check your answers by changing the time to the left and seeing whether you were right.O9@ ~r9-IǎAl} -IǎAl 9@!_p+" A` K` rb` ` |b`y$ ǐ tramp@     ?  _parentmain_txt1. What happens to the frequency in Hz when the period in seconds decreases? 2. What happens to the frequency in Hz when the period in seconds increases? 3. What type of relationship exists between frequency and period of time?OH%䀿^s fill0a._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHu"IZ H0 GNRP^s fill1a._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHu"IZ H0 GNRP^9- fill2a._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHu"IZ H0 GNRP 94 fill3]._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHq"IVH0 GNRP 9 fill4]._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHq"IVH0 GNRP 9 fill5]._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHq"IVH0 GNRP ~@ `i` fill6]._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHq"IVH0 GNRP` fill7]._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHq"IVH0 GNRPNည'bV`@   ? _parentmain_txt There are many frequencies that are used in everyday life. Motorcyclists are probably familiar with rpm, or revolutions per minute. Revving their engines increases the rpm.This is an example of frequency though - 1 revolution (or cycle) per unit of time (1 minute). What about how fast a car speeds down the freeway? That is measured in miles per hour (mph) or kilometers per hour (kph). What about cycles per second? The cycle per second is such an important unit that it is given a special name, hertz, abbreviated as Hz. Some vibrations are extremely fast and require multiples of the base unit hertz. These include kilohertz (kHz = 1000 Hz) and megahertz (MHz = 1000000 Hz). Press the up arrow key to see the engine rev.O7 @?|dot _visibleO _parentQmain_txt What if there were two boats in the water, bobbing up and down in a periodic wave? Both oscillations will have the same amplitude and frequency, but they will differ in phase. If they have the same frequency and amplitude, but one boat lags behind the other, then they are out of phase.O w dot"this_namedotremoveMovieClip "'H)"G#5NI RjsI` b1Ioriginal_y"b0_y_parentb0N_yNxI original_yMathcos_parentb0_yb0_yxdotduplicateMovieClip_xb1 4 R G#N4 !?-DT R GO? I G N RG GG N R GN*  N N NN GGN* N NNNXH P!sT b0@? _parentmain_txt Review Questions 1. Frequency in calculated using what? 2. Amplitude is expressed using what unit? 3. Wavelength is measured: 4. What is the period of a pendulum that swings from 7 cm off of center to its equilibrium point in 5 seconds?O reviewAnVfill0a._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHu"IZ H0 GNRPnfill1a._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHu"IZ H0 GNRP7D[fill2a._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHu"IZ H0 GNRP 7EDfill3a._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHu"IZ H0 GNRP •fill4]._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHq"IVH0 GNRP xfill5]._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHq"IVH0 GNRP[fill6]._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHq"IVH0 GNRP7Gfill7]._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHq"IV H0 GNRP@  MM %E+Mр Mʀ!&\"& #}$`%&6't@(@fill8]._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHq"IV H0 GNRP*qfill9]._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHq"IV H0 GNRP,ڠfill10]._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHq"IV H0 GNRP.Efill11]._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHq"IV H0 GNRP07fill12]._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHq"IV H0 GNRP2v fill13]._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHq"IV H0 GNRP4vIfill14]._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHq"IV H0 GNRP6vfill15]._parent_xmouse_ymousexfillgotoAndStopN " @GHL* " @ NHL&N" @GHL&" @ NHq"IV H0 GNRP@    !"#$%&'(*,.0246?a _parentOmain_txtCongratulations... you're done!O@&? content@