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Inthislab,wewilllookatthreedifferentsimplemachines;thelever,thewheelandaxle,andthepulley.Youwilllearnsomeoftheshortcutstodeterminethemechanicaladvantageofeachofthesesimplemachines.Also,asyouseethemwork,hopefullyyouwilllearnhowamachinecanmakelifealittlesimplerforus.FHXXpd Levers XpdXFH v    Yousawseveralexamplesofleversinthelastlab.Youhaveallexperiencedtheideabehindaleverwhenyouwerekidsandplayedontheteetertotterintheplayground.Thebigkidalwayshadtositnearerthecenterinordertomaketheteetertottersworkcorrectly.s2?/+b|0 5'! `&@E'!'!Bs XYXYX%X% XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY X%X%XYXY<>  Aleverislikeateetertotter.Youarethesmallerperson.Youapplyasmallerforcetothelongendoftheleverandalargerobjectismovedasmallerdistanceattheotherend.Thefixedpointinthemiddleiscalledthe fulcrum .Thefulcrumremainsinoneplaceandtherestoftheleverrotatesaroundit. j   Therearethreemaintypesoflevers.Theyareclassifiedaccordingtothepositionsoftheeffort,resistance,andfulcrum.Afirstclassleverhasthefulcrumbetweentheeffortandresistance.Acrowbarisafirstclasslever.Whenyouuseahammertopulloutanail,youareusingafirstclasslever.Ateetertotterisafirstclassleverasarescissors,pliers,andoldfashionedwaterpumphandles.Firstclasslevermultiplytheeffortforceandchangeitsdirection.  Secondclasslevershavetheresistancebetweentheeffortandthefulcrum.Awheelbarrowisasecondclasslever.Youliftonthehandlesandtheheavyloadinthebucketmoves.Thewheelactsasthefulcrum.Somekindsofnutcrackersarealsosecondclasslevers.Secondclassleversmultiplytheeffortforcealso.  Athirdclassleverhastheeffortbetweentheresistanceandthefulcrum.Yourelbowisathirdclasslever.Theelbowjointisthefulcrum,theeffortisappliedtothearmbonebyyourmuscle,andtheresistanceisinyourhand.Baseballbatsareanotherexampleofathirdclasslever.Inthirdclassleverstheeffortforceisgreaterthantheresistanceforcesotheyareforcereducers.<>  ,=*- s2?/+b|0$" `!H @E|""E1V#6 s XYXYX%X% XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY X%X%XYXY  Inthelastlab,wespentalotoftimemeasuringtheeffortandresistanceforcesaswellashowfareachofthemmovedinordertocalculatetheworkinput,theworkoutput,themechanicaladvantage,andtheefficiency.Youmayhavenoticedthatthemechanicaladvantagewasalwaysonenumberdividedbyanother;afractionifyouwill.Anothernameforafractionisaratio.Wesaidthatthemechanicaladvantagewastheratiooftheresistanceforcetotheeffortforce.Iftheeffortforcewas50Nandtheresistanceforcewas150N,thenthemechanicaladvantagewas3.Thesimplemachineallowedustomultiplyoureffortbythree.Thatsreallyallaratiois;itjusttellsushowmanytimesbiggerorsmalleronenumberisthansomeothernumber.  Itturnsoutforaleverthatifwemeasurethedistancesfromtheefforttothefulcrumandfromtheresistancealsotothefulcrum,thentheratioturnsouttobethesameastheratioofresistanceforcetoeffortforce.Allthisreallymeansisthatwecantellthemechanicaladvantageofaleversimplybymeasuringthedistancesfromtheeffortandtheresistancebacktothefulcrum.Letscallthesedistancesthe effortarm and q the resistancearm .Thisworksthesameforallthreetypesoflevers. a   kz5%!b p  `@EO <Kd  k XYXYX%X% XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY %%XYXYs2?/+b|00P ` G@E`\PP6s  Inthispicture,theeffortarmis2.5mandtheresistancearmis1m.Themechanicaladvantagewillbe2.5m/1mor2.5.Theeffortismultiplied2.5times.Inthisexampleaneffortof5Nwillbeabletoliftaresistanceof12.5N(5N*2.5=12.5N)andaneffortof20Nwouldbeabletoliftaresistanceof50N(20N*2.5=50N). X%X%%%LabInstructionsfortheStudent: #Z!$   Trysomeoftheseonyourown.Inthewindowbelowyoucanselectwhattypeofleveryouwant.Thecomputerwillplacetheeffortandresistanceforcesforyou.Youwillneedtomeasuretheeffortarmandtheresistancearmandcalculatethemechanicaladvantageofthelever.Tryitseveraltimesandrecordyourworkinthelabpacketyouweregiven.Youcancheckyouranswersbyclickingtheshowanswerbutton.<> 2  XYXYX%X% XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY X%X%XYXY FHXXpdWheelandAxleXpdXFH  K m29)%`|0OO  ` E7O O 5 mm2%9)%`|0S 8 ` E-S 8S 8 m  Thewheelandaxleisanothersimplemachine.Itisprettymuchwhatitsoundslike.Alargewheelwithasmalleraxleattachedtothecenter.Thewheelandaxleworksthesameasaleverexceptthatitisfreeto X5X5X%X%moveinacompletecircle.Theeffortforceismostoftenappliedontheoutsideedgeofthewheeltotakeadvantageofthelargerdiameter.Theresistanceisusuallyontheaxle.Inthepicturebelowyoucanseethatthe 5 5X5X5effortarmwillbetheradiusofthewheelandthattheresistancearmwillbetheradiusoftheaxle.Themechanicaladvantageofthewheelandaxleisthesameasforalever.cz()-` 0  `EX!(#A d !$c XYXY 5 5 XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY % %XYXYYoucanseeawheelandaxleatworkwhenyougototheamusementparkandseetheferriswheel.Achaindrivengearatthecenteristheaxle.Itissmallcomparedtotheferriswheel.Inthisexample,theeffortandresistancearereversedfromthepictureattheleft.Nowthatyouvelearnedafewthingsaboutwheelandaxles,letstrytoapplyyournewknowledgetoalab.Inthelabbelow,youneedtoselectthediametersofthewheelandtheaxle.Youshouldalsoselectaneffort X%X% % %force.Toseeyourwheelandaxleworkpressto Gobutton.Youshouldcalculatethemechanicaladvantageofthewheelandaxle.Youshouldalsocalculatetheamountorresistanceforcethemachinewillbeabletolift.Recordtheseinyourlabsheet.Repeatthisatleastthreetimes. /-1 Example:Yousetthediameterofthewheelat1.5m,thediameteroftheaxleat0.5m,andtheeffortforceatϢ25N.ThemechanicaladvantagewouldbeMA=Effortarm/Resistancearm=wheeldiameter/axlediameter=1.5m/0.5m=3.Thismeansthatthemachinewillmultiplyyoureffortbythree.So,ifyouapply25Nofeffort,themachinewillbeabletohandle75Nofresistance.<>  B  {2"GE51j|0 " `!@EVr "" $R{ XYXYX%X% XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY X%X%XYXYm2*9 )%`|0 { `(E:J  { {  m % %X%X% Thelastkindofsimplemachinethatwewilllearnaboutinthislessonisthepulley.Pulleysaremadebypassingarope,chain,orbeltaroundawheel.Pulleysthatareattachedtowalls,ceilings,orotherstationaryobjectsarecalledfixedpulleys.Afixedpulleychangesthedirectionoftheeffortforce.Whenyoupulldownontherope,theresistanceisraised.Itiseasiertopulldownthantolifttheresistancestraightupsothepulleyisusedtochangethedirectionforus.Inthissimplestcase,themechanicaladvantageofthefixedpulleyisone.Meaningthatthepulleydoesnotmagnifyyoureffort.Iftheresistanceforceis20N,then 9 9 % %youmustpullontheropewithaforceof20Nalso. X9X9 9 9m219 )%`|0-& $ `" E( $  $ 9' o mWhenapulleyisfreetomovewiththeresistanceload,itiscalledamoveablepulley(theresasurprise).Moveablepulleysmultiplytheeffortforcebuttheydonotchangethedirection.Sinceamoveablepulleymultipliestheeffortforce,themechanicaladvantageisbiggerthanone.Rememberthoughthateasiereffortmeansgreaterdistance.Forexample,ifamoveablepulleyhasamechanicaladvantageoftwothenyoucouldliftaresistanceof100Nwithaneffortofonly50N;however,youwouldneedtopullouttwometersofropeto/]-1X9X9 lifttheresistanceadistanceofonlyonemeter.Thereisalwaysatradeoffbetweenforceanddistance.Whenfixedpulleysandmoveablepulleysarecombined,wecanbuildpulleysystemswhichmagnifyforcesandchangetheirdirections.Averyusefulapplicationofthisideaiscalledablockandtackle.Mechanicsuseblockandtacklestoliftenginesoutofcars.Largeconstructioncraneshaveablockandtacklesystemattheirtopendthatisusedtolifttheheavysteelbeamsintoplace.Belowaresomeexamplesofpulleysystems.{25GE 51j|0 ` @E2   j n { XYXYX%X% XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY X%X%XYXY /]-1 Youcanseethatasmoresectionsofropeareusedtosupporttheresistancethatthemechanicaladvantageincreases.Inthelabactivitybelow,youwillbegivenapulleysystem.Youneedtoselectaresistanceforceandthecomputerwilltellyoutheeffortforceneededtolifttheresistance.Youwillneedtocalculatethemechanicaladvantageofthepulleysystem.Doatleastfivetrialsandrecordyourworkinthelabpacket.<>  ! {28GE 51j|0   `@Eu0 80 {{28GE 51j|16f `@E"F!8m { XYXYX%X% XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY XYXYXYXY /]-1XYXY Nowthatyouvefinishedthelabs,besuretofinishtheotherquestionsinthelabpacket.Simplemachinesarewonderfulthings.Theyallowustotradealessereffortforagreaterdistance.Thismakesworkseemeasiertous.Inthenextleessonyouill\\\willlearnsometofthesprecificsofinclinedplanes,wedges,andscrews;threemoretypresofsimplemachines.Havefun.Thisidsanexcitingandinterestingapplicationofscienceinoureverydaylives.